When several elements (such as digits, words, or pictures) are held in short-term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall or degrade each other. In the process of encoding, information enters the brain and can be quickly forgotten if it is not stored further in short-term memory. Short-term memory (working memory) is the ability to hold information for a short duration of time (on the order of seconds). There are two types of sensory memory, echoic memory which is the memory of sound and iconic memory which is the memory of an image. It is retained just long enough for it to be transferred to short-term (working) memory. Information from sensory memory has the shortest retention time, ranging from mere milliseconds to five seconds. Sensory memory is an automatic response considered to be outside of cognitive control. It allows individuals to remember great sensory detail about a complex stimulus immediately following its presentation.
Sensory memory allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information for a brief time after the original stimulus has ceased. As a result, long-term memory can hold much more information than short-term memory, but it may not be immediately accessible. Because long-term memories must be held for indefinite periods of time, they are stored, or consolidated, in a way that optimizes space for other memories. Information in short-term memory deteriorates constantly however, if the information is deemed important or useful, it is transferred to long-term memory for extended storage. During the process of memory encoding, information is filtered and modified for storage in short-term memory. Memory storage is achieved through the process of encoding, through either short- or long-term memory. Memories are not stored as exact replicas of experiences instead, they are modified and reconstructed during retrieval and recall. Memory storage allows us to hold onto information for a very long duration of time-even a lifetime.
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